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ESP 
배경
1. The oceans are the future of the earth. It is in them billions of people find their food; it is on them millions of people rely for their livelihoods; it is through them the planet preserves its climatic equilibrium and its biodiversity; it is in them 90% of habitats for life exist.
2. Yet, the oceans are in a state of bad health due to the violent treatment caused by overfishing, predatory commercial policies, pollution and effects from global warming. Fish stocks are overexploited; fisheries jobs are ruined; marine and coastal ecosystems are under attack.
3. The world’s oceans are an immense common good. They are the living evidence of the inseparable link between nature’s capacities and human activities. Without fish, there will no longer be any fishermen Without marine resources, economic decline and food crisis become inevitable. Without healthy oceans, the web of life will shatter. In the interests of current and future generations, the logic of pushing the oceans towards a certain death has to be stopped.
4. A new global policy to manage marine ecosystems and fisheries is urgently needed. The time has now come to organise fisheries based on sustainable practices and to manage marine ecosystems so that they contribute to achieving global objectives for food security, poverty eradication, and the protection of climate and biodiversity.
Biodiversity
5. 71% of planet Earth is covered by oceans, which store 16 times as much carbon dioxide as the terrestrial world and play a fundamental role in the climate and life support systems of the entire planet. More than 90% of the planet’s biosphere is in the oceans and, as life originated in the oceans, they contain a higher diversity of organisms than the terrestrial world.
6. Currently only 0.6 % of the oceans is protected. Protecting 20-30% of global oceans through a network of Marine Protected Areas could create a million jobs and sustain a marine fish catch worth US$70-80 billion/year.[1] Marine biodiversity is at risk in all parts of the world’s oceans. Two-thirds of the oceans are high seas, beyond national jurisdiction, currently mostly governed with seventeenth century principles.
7. Deep-sea biodiversity is particularly vulnerable, as many deep-sea organisms live long, mature late and reproduce very slowly, characteristics that make them particularly vulnerable to exploitation. Most deep-sea species lack any kind of protection.
기후 변화
8. The consequences of global warming on oceans will be quite dramatic, including changes to ocean currents, natural habitats, marine food webs and ocean chemistry. Degradation of marine and coastal ecosystems leads to loss of carbon sequestration capacity. However it is currently not recognized as a significant driver of climate change, and is therefore not mitigated. By preventing the further loss of these ecosystems and catalyzing their recovery, we can contribute to offsetting 3–7% of current fossil fuel emissions in two decades – over half of that projected for reducing rainforest deforestation.[2]
9. As the ocean becomes more acidic due to the increased uptake of carbon dioxide, many marine organisms will face changes. For instance, coral reefs will be affected through reduced capacity to form coral skeletons. Shellfish such as crabs and shrimps will find it more difficult to form shells. As these shellfish form a large part of the basis in the marine food web, this will have severe consequences for other animals.
10. Climate change will lead to new developments in the Arctic and the Antarctic as marine resources will change distribution patterns and previously unavailable resources – notably hydrocarbons, minerals and fish – will become technically available. As the ice cover decreases, the need for sustainable management of resources under the current ice cover grows more and more urgent.
Fish – the future of humanity
11. In 2007, fish accounted for 15.7% of the global human population’s intake of animal protein and 6.1% of all protein consumed by humans. 500 million people worldwide depend, directly or indirectly, on fisheries and aquaculture for their livelihoods. Fish provide at least 50% of animal protein to 400 million people in the poorest countries.[3] As fish dependency in low-income food-deficient countries is high, the recovery of global fisheries to above healthy levels is potentially a key tool for reaching development targets. Much of the fisheries products produced in developing regions in the world are exported to the developed world, often with consequences such as endangering food security, job losses and environmental degradation.
Fisheries
12. After 60 years of modern industrial fishing, the reach and intensity of the global fishing fleets has now seriously affected virtually all marine areas, and also expanded more than 2000 meters into the deep oceans. Globally, the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) consider 32% of fish stocks to be overexploited, depleted or recovering from depletion. 53% are fully exploited and 15% underexploited or moderately exploited. In the last fifty years, the global oceans have lost 90 percent of large predatory fish, reflecting the rapid spatial and taxonomic expansion of modern industrial fisheries.[4]
13. Fishing operations result in various degrees of environmental degradation. Fishing reduces the abundance of the target species, it results in by-catch of undersized individuals and unwanted species and it has serious impacts on marine habitats and species. Some fishing practices can be very destructive, such as bottom trawling on coral reefs or other sensitive bottom habitats.
14. While legal fishing methods may be destructive and lead to overfishing, the oceans are under further pressure by illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU), presently accounting for at least 15% of all marine catches worldwide. IUU has to be effectively prevented globally which can only be achieved through enhanced global cooperation.
Exploitation and pollution
15. Oceans are under other pressures, including shipping activities, the disposal of wastes, pollution from oil spills and land based activities, deep-sea mineral exploration and exploitation of marine genetic resources. The world’s remaining hydrocarbon reserves are to a significant extent situated under the seafloor, making the extraction potentially very environmentally destructive.
16. Our taste for plastics has filled the oceans with plastic debris, most of it smaller than five millimetres, now dispersed in all the world’s oceans and deep into the water column, entering and poisoning the marine food webs.
해결
The world’s oceans are a public trust and as such are our common heritage that we have a responsibility to manage and hand over to the next generation.
Responding to the urgent need for efficient global ocean governance, the Global Greens demand:
1. that all exploitation of the world’s marine resources be demonstrably environmentally and developmentally sustainable, transparent and fair;
2. that bilateral agreements for states to access a coastal state’s fishery resource must be based on the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provision of a scientifically established surplus, not utilised by the local population;
3. that priority actions for sustainable management of world oceans be made a priority at the Rio+20 summit;
4. that oceans be elevated to the highest levels of the UN system to enable a cross-cutting approach and timely response to major threats and opportunities, including through the establishment of a UN Secretary-General or other high-level coordination mechanism on oceans as well as a UN Secretary-General “Ocean Budget” report, tracking and assessing ocean-related funding at the global level;
5. that depleted fish stocks be recovered to and maintained at levels well above those required to produce Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) by 2015 (as the world committed to in Johannesburg 2002), and that restoring degraded marine ecosystems to healthy sustainable condition be made a top global priority recognising that the failure to do so seriously endangers global objectives for poverty and hunger eradication, biodiversity and ecosystem protection;
6. that the use of Marine Spatial Planning be promoted to ensure efficient ocean management with preference to securing good environmental status of the seas, as this is the precondition for any exploitation of marine resources;
7. that all States sign, ratify and implement UNCLOS, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, the FAO Code of Conduct for Fisheries and the UN General Assembly resolutions for addressing deep-sea fish stocks; and that efficient protection, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction requires a new implementing agreement under UNCLOS;
8. that efficient and progressive science-based global marine management is implemented and promoted; and that environmentally harmful subsidies are ended;
9. that serious, tough and continuous actions be taken at all levels to combat and eradicate IUU fishing;
10. that sustainable small-scale fisheries are promoted and protected so they can create more local jobs and be less environmentally destructive;
11. that a moratorium on exploitation of Arctic resources such as oil, gas and fish is established and the current moratorium on exploitation of Antarctic resources as enshrined in the Antarctic Treaty is respected;
12. that additional research into quantification of carbon sequestration and storage in and greenhouse gas emissions from key ecosystems is developed, with a focus on poorly researched ecosystems and their mitigation potential (for instance sea grass beds);
13. that the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms is ensured, and proper UN oversight and review of ocean governance mechanisms is instituted. This should include the geographic expansion of international conventions and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations to cover all the world’s oceans, with increased powers to efficiently enforce management decisions and sanctions;
14. that all actions implementing the Convention on Biodiversity Aichi targets, agreed in Nagoya 2010, should be speedily implemented to restore marine ecosystems, including establishing 10% of the marine and coastal areas as protected areas, ending the losses of natural habitats and ensuring that all marine and aquatic resources are managed and harvested sustainably by 2020.
[1] Balmford, A. P., et. al. 2004. The worldwide costs of marine conservation. PNAS 101: 9694-9697.
[2] Nellemann, C., et. al. 2009. Blue Carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment. UNEP, FAO and UNESCO.
[3] FAO. 2010. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). FAO, Rome.
[4] FAO. 2010. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). FAO, Rome.